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Category: COPD

The Ultimate Guide to COPD

Posted on by mlaming

The Ultimate Guide to COPD

Introduction

Shortness of breath, tightness of chest, wheezing, and more. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined by the CDC as “a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems” (CDC,2023). Analogous to how dementia covers a wide array of memory conditions, COPD does the same for breathing difficulty conditions. COPD makes breathing difficult for and affects over 16 million Americans with a variety of diagnoses but shared symptoms. However, for a condition that affects so many, there are still burning questions for the average person about how it affects the body and the person’s mind. In this article, we aim to tell you more about both so you can better assist yourself, or your loved one living with the condition.

The Types of COPD

Emphysema

Emphysema is a COPD condition that develops over and involves the gradual damage of lung tissue. Specifically, Emphysema relates to the “destruction of the alveoli” which are the air sacs in your lungs (ALA, 2023). This condition is often called the most preventable respiratory disease because of its link to smoking. This includes tobacco smoke and marijuana smoke, along with continued secondhand exposure. While some air pollutants (continued occupational exposure to fumes or dust) and other respiratory infections can lead to emphysema its number one cause remains to be smoking. Since this is a gradual disease it can take years to develop symptoms, the degree of onset also varies depending on the level of smoking. Early signs are shortness of breath, coughing with mucus, wheezing, and tightness of the chest. There are several tests that are needed to diagnose if a COPD condition is emphysema specifically. These include “x-rays, pulse oximetry, spirometry and other pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gas tests and electrocardiograms (ECG)” (ALA, 2023). Emphysema can also lead to the development of other conditions. These induce collapsed lungs (pneumothorax), heart problems, and the development of large hotels in the lungs called bullae. Sadly emphysema, like other COPD conditions, cannot be cured but treatments are available to alleviate symptoms. Such as medications, therapies, and surgeries. 

Chronic Bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis is “long-term inflammation of the bronchi” which are the breathing tubes in your lungs and airways (JHM, 2019). This inflammation causes more mucus to be produced in your airways which leads to a wet cough. Again the primary cause of Chronic Bronchitis is smoking since it is not caused by a virus or bacteria, unlike acute bronchitis which can be. In order for the bronchitis to be moved from acute to chronic the individual must have a cough and excess mucus (expectoration) production for most days of at least 3 months a year for 2 years or more in a row. Also, other conditions can cause similar symptoms so those often have to be ruled out before diagnosis. Common tests for Chronic Bronchitis outside of symptoms include Spirometry which is a test that “uses a spirometer device to see how well your lungs are working” (JHM 2019). This may be a recurring test after diagnosis to see how well treatment is working or if the lung disease is progressing. The other common type of test is the peak flow monitor which is a test that “measures the fastest speed you can blow air out of your lungs” (JHM, 2019). The faster you blow the clearer your airways while the slower you blow the more inflamed they may be. Treatment of chronic bronchitis is similar to other conditions under the COPD umbrella but with an added focus on reducing mucus build-up and inflammation. 

 

Asthma

Asthma is a condition in which “your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus” (Mayo Clinic, 2022). Asthma can vary from person to person in strength and symptoms therefore some individuals may go all their life rarely affected by the symptoms while others may have frequent attacks and difficulty breathing. The most common asthma signs are shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing when exhaling, coughing or wheezing attaches that are worsened by a respiratory virus. There are also specific types of asthma that flair up in certain conditions such as exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma, and allergy-induced asthma. You should see a doctor if your signs and symptoms worsen such as when signs and symptoms of asthma become more frequent and intense, you experience increasing difficulty breathing and need to use a quick-relief inhaler more often. Importantly if you experience rapid worsening of shortness of breath or wheezing, no improvement even after using a quick-relief inhaler, or shortness of breath when you’re doing minimal physical activity it may be a sign of an asthma emergency.

Want all this information and more in one easy-to-read guide?

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How COPD Affects The Body

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease primarily affects the lungs. This is due to the constriction or destruction of the airways and air sacs. As we breathe in air it goes down our windpipe and into tubes called bronchial tubes (often referred to as airways). Inside our lungs, these tubes branch out like a tree into smaller and thinner tubes called bronchioles. Then these tubes end in branches of tiny air sacs called alveoli. You can imagine these as tiny balloons that expand and contract as we breathe. These airways and sacs are typically stretchy as they fill up with air as we breathe in and contract when we breathe out carbon dioxide. However due to COPD less air flows in and out of our lungs. Continuing with the balloon analogy imagine you’re trying to fill up a balloon but there is a hole in it (damaged alveoli) or you’re holding onto the end of it too tight (inflammation in the tubes or alveoli). In the early stages of COPD this results in symptoms such as a nagging cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and tightness in the chest. These symptoms are where the idea of a “smoker's cough” comes from. Though smokers do make up a lot of COPD cases they are not the only ones. As the disease progresses, the low oxygen in your blood leads to blue/gray lips and/or fingernails, a speedy heartbeat, weight loss, and swelling in the feet and ankles. These extremities are furthest out from the heart and lungs and therefore it takes longer for oxygen to get to them. The heartbeat will increase since due to COPD there will be less oxygen quantity per pump. Meaning your body has to move more blood to keep up with the oxygen needed.

How COPD Affects the Mind

Now that we have covered the basics of how COPD can affect your body, we can now cover its effects on the mind. The lack of oxygen to the brain caused by COPD can have an impact on the brain’s functions and the patient’s mental health. According to the CDC people with COPD may have “overall cognitive impairment or impairment in specific cognitive domains”(CDC,2016). This includes difficulty with processing information, concentration, memory, and self-control. These conditions can cause an individual to become compulsive, unable to stay on task, and forgetful of their surroundings. Since these symptoms are similar to those of dementia, those who develop COPD at an older age may misattribute such symptoms. Furthermore, mental health conditions can develop due to how COPD will affect someone’s day-to-day life. Something as simple as going from the living room to the kitchen for water and back again can become a grueling process with frequent stops to catch their breath. Also if they live in a multistory home, they may have issues getting up and down the stairs which they may have done with ease. This frustration with the disease and its symptoms may develop into feelings of helplessness and depression. These people who were once independent and healthy are now becoming more reliant on others and it can take a mental toll. One way to alleviate this is to make the home more COPD-friendly. Getting different equipment, such as a chair lift, in the home can make it easier for a loved one to get to places they feel they can no longer reach on their own. Another tip is to arrange things so they are easier to access. If you can make it so things they often use are within short distance of each other they are less likely to have an episode or feel needy for asking. Finally, regular outings and socialization are key to promoting a positive mental outlook. These outings should avoid long distances walking since they can flair up their COPD. Take them out to ice cream or a movie, things as small as just going to play cards with them every week can have a major impact on their mental well-being. 

Can COPD Be Reversed/Cured?

Though symptoms can be treated, COPD can not be reversed or cured. Sadly, the lung tissue has already been damaged, and “lung tissue doesn't repair itself.” (Department of Health & Human Service, 2001). The cells that make up your lung tissue are unable to replace the cells that have already been destroyed to create this condition. This often happens due to things such as smoking or inhaling other toxic substances regularly. The effects of COPD can be managed with a variety of treatments and lifestyle changes but can never be fully cured. 

What Are The Options for Treatments?

MOST IMPORTANTLY QUIT SMOKING

The first step for treatment is to quit smoking. This is a vital step to prevent COPD from getting worse and prevent your lungs from becoming more damaged. There are plenty of nicotine replacement products such as patches and gum to assist with withdrawal symptoms. These are available over the counter at your local pharmacy but for more intense cases of nicotine addiction, it is recommended you talk to your physician for one on one advice. Also, various addiction support groups are out there to aid with the transition/recovery.

Medication

The next step is often one of the different types of medication to assist with the symptoms and complications of COPD. This includes short and long-acting bronchodilators which help relax the muscles around your airways. Bronchodilators are often used to treat long-term conditions, such as COPD, that cause the airways to narrow and inflamed. There are also inhaled steroids that can help reduce airway inflammation and are often prescribed for those with frequent and intense symptoms of COPD. These “corticosteroids, often known as steroids, are an anti-inflammatory medicine” to help reduce inflammation in your lungs (NHS, 2023). Most COPD medications work to reduce the primary symptoms of COPD by reducing inflammation in the airways to promote more efficient breathing. However, there are other treatments for more severe cases.

Lung Therapies

There are also types of lung therapies for those with more moderate or severe COPD. The two most common are oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation programs. Oxygen therapy helps deliver an increased amount of oxygen to your lungs to assist with loss of breath. This therapy primarily focuses on the issue of not getting enough oxygen in your bloodstream. Depending on the level of COPD a large, in-home unit may be suggested and worn throughout the day and night. However, Small and portable units can assist with shortness of breath when out and about in your daily life. Typically these devices are provided by a Durable Medical Equipment (DME) provider. Furthermore, the size of the oxygen delivery system will vary depending on the low of oxygen needed to stabilize oxygen levels. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs combine exercise training, nutrition advice, education, and counseling. Your doctor will likely refer you to a specialist if this program is recommended. These programs are referred to individuals with worsening COPD and can help prevent hospital readmissions. Another positive impact of these programs is they offer a group setting so you have the chance to meet others with the condition. This can assist with the mental effects of COPD by providing an “opportunity to give and receive peer support” (ALA, 2023). Exercising your lungs, mind, and muscles can help you enjoy activities with your loved ones and make your daily living easier. However, for those with limited success of the above treatments, there is another option.

Lung Surgeries

Finally, there are surgeries available such as lung transplants, bullectomy, and lung volume reduction surgery. Lung transplant surgery is “a surgical procedure to replace a diseased or failing lung with a healthy lung” which often comes from a deceased donor (Mayo Clinic, 2022). This type of surgery is reserved for more severe conditions and when other treatments have not worked or resulted in sufficient improvement. This can be a replacement of just one or both lungs and can involve many complications. The Bullectomy is a surgery where surgeons “remove air pockets in the lungs” (Lung Health, 2023). While these alveoli typically assist in your breathing, by exchanging oxygen from the air with co2 from your blood, damaged ones can form air pockets and need to be removed. Finally, lung volume reduction surgery is when dead or damaged parts of the lung are removed in order to allow the remaining tissue to function better. After lung volume reduction surgery the “diaphragm contracts and reflexes more effectively and efficiently” (Mayo Clinic, 2018). With the damaged part of the lung removed your diaphragm has to move less of your lungs to breathe in and out. All of these surgeries can be used to treat the symptoms of COPD but consult your doctor about the next steps. 

Top 5 Resources for COPD

#1) MY COPD Action and Management Plan - American Lung Association

What is it?

The COPD action plan breaks down the common symptoms of COPD into three different zones. The green zone is a baseline for a good day, the yellow zone for flare-ups, and finally the red zone for when there is an urgent medical need. Each of these zones also includes helpful steps or actions to take along with making it easy to track what has and hasn’t been done. The second page is a COPD management plan. This management plan includes a variety of medical information about an individual that can be used to recount vital medical information to a doctor or medical professional. Furthermore, some of this data pairs well with the action plan on the previous page. Not to mention there is a QR code at the bottom to access additional resources and video

Why is it helpful?

There are a couple of different things that make this resource useful. The first is the documentation of symptoms and medical information on the management plan. After documenting for a week or so, you or a loved one can better judge the different zones in the action plan. Therefore you can be better prepared for a flare-up or medical emergency. Furthermore, the medical information on the management plan is extremely helpful in communicating your symptoms and baselines to medical professionals. Since everyone’s experience with COPD is different what may seem like a minor change for some could be big for others. It also makes things easier if the individual with COPD is experiencing a mental haze to have all this documented. Also if multiple different medical professionals (DME, Home Care, PT/OT, etc.) are assisting in care for yourself or a loved one then this assists with clear communication between them. The second benefit of this document is the clear green, yellow, and red system. It can be difficult to differentiate how COPD is affecting someone day to day and to communicate that well. The American Lung Association has made it easier along with action steps to fit the different zones based on how they are feeling. Also, you can personalize each of these steps and actions in accordance with what fits you or your loved ones best. Such as how often to take their inhaler, what medications they may be on, etc.

#2) What should I know about managing the home of someone living with COPD? - National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute

What is it?

This resource/module is broken down into eight parts to assist with making a home/living space accessible and safe for a loved one with COPD. The first section covers the challenges you or a loved one may experience in the home. This includes some general tips and reminders about how to make the home a bit safer for a loved one with COPD. The next section covers the first steps you should take to move towards a safer home including removing indoor triggers and managing the effects of smoke and radon. The third section then covers how to best manage oxygen supplies if your loved one is on oxygen. Section four covers medication organization and management. Section five moves towards the outdoors which is also continued in section six. Finally sections seven and eight cover specific tips for warm and cold weather since they impact COPD and its symptoms differently.

Why is it helpful?

This is a useful document since a loved one’s environment can have a large impact on their condition and treatment. Small changes can seem unimportant but they could prove to be important when it comes to a loved one’s health and safety. Removing and managing certain triggers can make it so your loved one has flair-ups less often. Also, the advice on storing/managing medications can be extremely useful because the forgetfulness that can develop from COPD may result in mixed or missed medications. Not to mention the in-depth assistance on oxygen equipment storage and maintenance. Oxygen therapy can not only be ineffective if not done properly but can potentially lead to further damage or infections if not handled correctly. Also, the tips can help prevent the ignition of the gas or tanks since oxygen is flammable.

#3) How do I take care of myself while managing someone else’s care? - National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute

What is it?

This resource covers the different roles a caregiver of COPD fulfills while caring for a loved one. From guardian to support system to family member, there are many roles you will often try to fill at once. The most important part this resource covers is taking care of your mind and body while doing so. This section includes warning signs of anxiety, depression, and stress. Next, the resource covers some of the different support networks out there and how to find the right one for yourself. Finally, it covers how to build up a care management team to take some of the burden and roles off of yourself. This also includes navigating changing relationships and roles for yourself.

Why is it helpful?

Often caregivers of a loved one neglect their own well being order to care for another. Sometimes they don’t realize this until it is too late and suffer from caregiver burnout. It is vital for your own and loved one's health that you take care of yourself. You can’t take care of someone properly if you are overwhelmed or stressed out by a situation and the large amount of energy it may require. If you notice yourself being short with a loved one or rushing certain tasks out of frustration, it may be time to take a step back and read over this resource. After following the steps in this resource, you can work to not only take care of your loved one but also build up a support network for yourself.

#4) Palliative Care and Lung Disease - American Lung Association

What is it?

Simply put this is a quick overview of what palliative care is and how it can assist someone with COPD. The document gives advice on why you may want palliative care, how to get it, and how to pay for it. It also has some handy questions that are often asked about Palliative care with their answers.

Why is it helpful?

Palliative care is a term thrown around a lot but is never clearly defined/explained. This resource does so and provides answers to many of the common questions you or a loved one may have when it comes to palliative care.  Palliative care can be a great resource to alleviate stress for both the one with COPD and their caretaker(s).

#5) CDC Resource Center for COPD - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

What is it?

If you’re looking for a deep dive into the scientific and medical side of COPD then you will want to look here. The CDC has compiled its reports, articles, and resources all into one page, This includes reports on COPD, COPD treatments, and COPD advocation. The first two resources are ways for you to get involved in the CDC’s advocacy of COPD. The page is also broken down into general information, rehabilitation, self-management, and patient support groups.

Why is it helpful?

The CDC is always an excellent and trusted resource for information on diseases, their effects, and their treatments. This information can be extremely useful when caring for a loved one with COPD or talking to a loved one about it. The only downside is it is very text-heavy and full of scientific terms so it’s best to take it in bite-sized pieces over time so you can more easily process what you’ve learned.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a term used to cover a variety of medical conditions affecting your lungs. These diseases not only affect your body through difficulty breathing but also the functions of the body that are sensitive to oxygen loss. Not to mention the added effects of the disease on the mind and how it can lead to memory loss and mental health conditions if not treated right. Speaking of treatment there are a variety of them out there so it's best to start with the cause and work up from there.

Hopefully, we have now thoroughly informed you about COPD. Below is a copy of our most recent guide on COPD which includes:

  • The information above (in a convenient document)
  • Additional Resources (Community Resources, Helpful Blogs, etc)
  • And an extra section on what to do when COPD worsens (Not available elsewhere)
Click Here

Sources:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, June 30). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/copd/index.html#:~:text=What%20is%20COPD%3F,includes%20emphysema%20and%20chronic%20bronchitis. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016, January 7). Association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with increased confusion or memory loss and functional limitations among adults. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Association, A. L. (n.d.). Emphysema. American Lung Association. https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/emphysema#:~:text=Emphysema%20is%20one%20of%20the,alveoli%20(tiny%20air%20sacs).

Chronic bronchitis. JHM. (2019, November 19). https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/chronic-bronchitis#:~:text=Chronic%20bronchitis%20is%20often%20part,may%20also%20play%20a%20role.

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2022, March 5). Asthma. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20369653

Department of Health & Human Services. (2001, November 28). Lung conditions - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Better Health Channel. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/lung-conditions-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2022, December 14). Lung Transplant. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/lung-transplant/about/pac-20384754

Health, S. V. H. (n.d.). Home. St Vincent’s Lung Health. https://www.svhlunghealth.com.au/procedures/procedures-treatments/bullectomy

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2018, November 16). Lung Volume Reduction Surgery. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/lung-volume-reduction-surgery/about/pac-20385045

Corticosteroids. NHS inform. (2023, June 15). https://www.nhsinform.scot/tests-and-treatments/medicines-and-medical-aids/types-of-medicine/corticosteroids#:~:text=Corticosteroids%2C%20often%20known%20as%20steroids,on%20top%20of%20the%20kidneys).

Association, A. L. (2023, March 10). The Basics of Pulmonary Rehabilitation. The Basics of Pulmonary Rehabilitation | American Lung Association. https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-procedures-and-tests/pulmonary-rehab

Our Top 5 Resources About COPD

Posted on by mlaming

Our Top 5 Resources About COPD

Introduction

As you may have experienced, there are a wide variety of resources out there about and for COPD. It can be difficult to know where to start, what ones are trustworthy, and which ones are even worth your time. So, we evaluated them for you and picked our top five for this article. Each section explains what the resource is and why we chose it so, you can get a summary before diving into each individual resource.

#1) MY COPD Action and Management Plan - American Lung Association

COPD action

What is it?

The COPD action plan breaks down the common symptoms of COPD into three different zones. The green zone is a baseline for a good day, the yellow zone for flare-ups, and finally the red zone for when there is an urgent medical need. Each of these zones also includes helpful steps or actions to take along with making it easy to track what has and hasn’t been done. The second page is a COPD management plan. This management plan includes a variety of medical information about an individual that can be used to recount vital medical information to a doctor or medical professional. Furthermore, some of this data pairs well with the action plan on the previous page. Not to mention there is a QR code at the bottom to access additional resources and video

Why is it helpful?

There are a couple of different things that make this resource useful. The first is the documentation of symptoms and medical information on the management plan. After documenting for a week or so, you or a loved one can better judge the different zones in the action plan. Therefore you can be better prepared for a flare-up or medical emergency. Furthermore, the medical information on the management plan is extremely helpful in communicating your symptoms and baselines to medical professionals. Since everyone’s experience with COPD is different what may seem like a minor change for some could be big for others. It also makes things easier if the individual with COPD is experiencing a mental haze to have all this documented. Also if multiple different medical professionals (DME, Home Care, PT/OT, etc.) are assisting in care for yourself or a loved one then this assists with clear communication between them. The second benefit of this document is the clear green, yellow, and red system. It can be difficult to differentiate how COPD is affecting someone day to day and to communicate that well. The American Lung Association has made it easier along with action steps to fit the different zones based on how they are feeling. Also, you can personalize each of these steps and actions in accordance with what fits you or your loved ones best. Such as how often to take their inhaler, what medications they may be on, etc. 

#2) What should I know about managing the home of someone living with COPD? - National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute

CG TK HOME

What is it?

This resource/module is broken down into eight parts to assist with making a home/living space accessible and safe for a loved one with COPD. The first section covers the challenges you or a loved one may experience in the home. This includes some general tips and reminders about how to make the home a bit safer for a loved one with COPD. The next section covers the first steps you should take to move towards a safer home including removing indoor triggers and managing the effects of smoke and radon. The third section then covers how to best manage oxygen supplies if your loved one is on oxygen. Section four covers medication organization and management. Section five moves towards the outdoors which is also continued in section six. Finally sections seven and eight cover specific tips for warm and cold weather since they impact COPD and its symptoms differently.

Why is it helpful?

This is a useful document since a loved one’s environment can have a large impact on their condition and treatment. Small changes can seem unimportant but they could prove to be important when it comes to a loved one’s health and safety. Removing and managing certain triggers can make it so your loved one has flair-ups less often. Also, the advice on storing/managing medications can be extremely useful because the forgetfulness that can develop from COPD may result in mixed or missed medications. Not to mention the in-depth assistance on oxygen equipment storage and maintenance. Oxygen therapy can not only be ineffective if not done properly but can potentially lead to further damage or infections if not handled correctly. Also, the tips can help prevent the ignition of the gas or tanks since oxygen is flammable.

#3) How do I take care of myself while managing someone else’s care? - National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute

CG TK SELF CARE

What is it?

This resource covers the different roles a caregiver of COPD fulfills while caring for a loved one. From guardian to support system to family member, there are many roles you will often try to fill at once. The most important part this resource covers is taking care of your mind and body while doing so. This section includes warning signs of anxiety, depression, and stress. Next, the resource covers some of the different support networks out there and how to find the right one for yourself. Finally, it covers how to build up a care management team to take some of the burden and roles off of yourself. This also includes navigating changing relationships and roles for yourself.

Why is it helpful?

Often caregivers of a loved one neglect their own well being order to care for another. Sometimes they don’t realize this until it is too late and suffer from caregiver burnout. It is vital for your own and loved one's health that you take care of yourself. You can’t take care of someone properly if you are overwhelmed or stressed out by a situation and the large amount of energy it may require. If you notice yourself being short with a loved one or rushing certain tasks out of frustration, it may be time to take a step back and read over this resource. After following the steps in this resource, you can work to not only take care of your loved one but also build up a support network for yourself.

#4) Palliative Care and Lung Disease - American Lung Association

Palliative care LUng org

What is it?

Simply put this is a quick overview of what palliative care is and how it can assist someone with COPD. The document gives advice on why you may want palliative care, how to get it, and how to pay for it. It also has some handy questions that are often asked about Palliative care with their answers.

Why is it helpful?

Palliative care is a term thrown around a lot but is never clearly defined/explained. This resource does so and provides answers to many of the common questions you or a loved one may have when it comes to palliative care.  Palliative care can be a great resource to alleviate stress for both the one with COPD and their caretaker(s).

#5) CDC Resource Center for COPD - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CDC resrouces COPD

What is it?

If you’re looking for a deep dive into the scientific and medical side of COPD then you will want to look here. The CDC has compiled its reports, articles, and resources all into one page, This includes reports on COPD, COPD treatments, and COPD advocation. The first two resources are ways for you to get involved in the CDC’s advocacy of COPD. The page is also broken down into general information, rehabilitation, self-management, and patient support groups.

Why is it helpful?

The CDC is always an excellent and trusted resource for information on diseases, their effects, and their treatments. This information can be extremely useful when caring for a loved one with COPD or talking to a loved one about it. The only downside is it is very text-heavy and full of scientific terms so it’s best to take it in bite-sized pieces over time so you can more easily process what you’ve learned.

Conclusion

In summary, there are a variety of resources out there to assist and educate you. Though these are our top five, that does not mean there are no other great options out there. These resources are meant to be a starting point in your COPD education. If you have additional questions about palliative care specifically we can be a great resource (home care is a type of palliative care).

Hopefully, we have now thoroughly informed you about COPD. Below is a copy of our most recent guide on COPD which includes:

  • The information above (in a convenient document)
  • Additional Resources (Community Resources, Helpful Blogs, etc)
  • And an extra section on what to do when COPD worsens (Not available elsewhere)
The Definitive Guide To COPD
Click Here

What Are The Types of COPD?

Posted on by mlaming

What are the types of COPD?

Introduction

One of the top questions online when searching about COPD is “Are COPD and emphysema the same”. While emphysema is a type of COPD it is not the other way around. Such as how Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia. While COPD is a medical term that covers a variety of conditions we are going to break down and cover the three most common types emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma.

Emphysema

Emphysema is a COPD condition that develops over and involves the gradual damage of lung tissue. Specifically, Emphysema relates to the “destruction of the alveoli” which are the air sacs in your lungs (ALA, 2023). This condition is often called the most preventable respiratory disease because of its link to smoking. This includes tobacco smoke and marijuana smoke, along with continued secondhand exposure. While some air pollutants (continued occupational exposure to fumes or dust) and other respiratory infections can lead to emphysema its number one cause remains to be smoking. Since this is a gradual disease it can take years to develop symptoms, the degree of onset also varies depending on the level of smoking. Early signs are shortness of breath, coughing with mucus, wheezing, and tightness of the chest. There are several tests that are needed to diagnose if a COPD condition is emphysema specifically. These include “x-rays, pulse oximetry, spirometry and other pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gas tests and electrocardiograms (ECG)” (ALA, 2023). Emphysema can also lead to the development of other conditions. These induce collapsed lungs (pneumothorax), heart problems, and the development of large hotels in the lungs called bullae. Sadly emphysema, like other COPD conditions, cannot be cured but treatments are available to alleviate symptoms. Such as medications, therapies, and surgeries. 

Chronic Bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis is “long-term inflammation of the bronchi” which are the breathing tubes in your lungs and airways (JHM, 2019). This inflammation causes more mucus to be produced in your airways which leads to a wet cough. Again the primary cause of Chronic Bronchitis is smoking since it is not caused by a virus or bacteria, unlike acute bronchitis which can be. In order for the bronchitis to be moved from acute to chronic the individual must have a cough and excess mucus (expectoration) production for most days of at least 3 months a year for 2 years or more in a row. Also, other conditions can cause similar symptoms so those often have to be ruled out before diagnosis. Common tests for Chronic Bronchitis outside of symptoms include Spirometry which is a test that “uses a spirometer device to see how well your lungs are working” (JHM 2019). This may be a recurring test after diagnosis to see how well treatment is working or if the lung disease is progressing. The other common type of test is the peak flow monitor which is a test that “measures the fastest speed you can blow air out of your lungs” (JHM, 2019). The faster you blow the clearer your airways while the slower you blow the more inflamed they may be. Treatment of chronic bronchitis is similar to other conditions under the COPD umbrella but with an added focus on reducing mucus build-up and inflammation. 

Asthma

Asthma is a condition in which “your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus” (Mayo Clinic, 2022). Asthma can vary from person to person in strength and symptoms therefore some individuals may go all their life rarely affected by the symptoms while others may have frequent attacks and difficulty breathing. The most common asthma signs are shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing when exhaling, coughing or wheezing attaches that are worsened by a respiratory virus. There are also specific types of asthma that flair up in certain conditions such as exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma, and allergy-induced asthma. You should see a doctor if your signs and symptoms worsen such as when signs and symptoms of asthma become more frequent and intense, you experience increasing difficulty breathing and need to use a quick-relief inhaler more often. Importantly if you experience rapid worsening of shortness of breath or wheezing, no improvement even after using a quick-relief inhaler, or shortness of breath when you’re doing minimal physical activity it may be a sign of an asthma emergency.

Conclusion

In summary, COPD covers a variety of conditions that all have to do with your breathing and lungs. The most common types are emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Emphysema is the destruction of the alveoli caused by smoking. Chronic bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchiole tubes which often is characterized by excessive mucus build up and asthma is the narrowing and swelling of airways. Though none of these conditions have a cure, they can all be managed via a variety of treatments some of which we covered here. 

Hopefully, we have now thoroughly informed you about COPD. Below is a copy of our most recent guide on COPD which includes:

  • The information above (in a convenient document)
  • Additional Resources (Community Resources, Helpful Blogs, etc)
  • And an extra section on what to do when COPD worsens (Not available elsewhere)
Click Here

Sources:

Association, A. L. (n.d.). Emphysema. American Lung Association. https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/emphysema#:~:text=Emphysema%20is%20one%20of%20the,alveoli%20(tiny%20air%20sacs). 

Chronic bronchitis. JHM. (2019, November 19). https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/chronic-bronchitis#:~:text=Chronic%20bronchitis%20is%20often%20part,may%20also%20play%20a%20role. 

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2022, March 5). Asthma. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20369653 

 

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Matthew Laming

Client Relations

Graduate of Northwood University

Can COPD Be Reversed or Is It Too Late? 

Posted on by mlaming

Can COPD Be Reversed or Is It Too Late?

COPD Back In Time

Introduction

Though symptoms can be treated, COPD can not be reversed or cured. Sadly, the lung tissue has already been damaged, and “lung tissue doesn't repair itself.” (Department of Health & Human Service, 2001). The cells that make up your lung tissue are unable to replace the cells that have already been destroyed to create this condition. This often happens due to things such as smoking or inhaling other toxic substances regularly. The effects of COPD can be managed with a variety of treatments and lifestyle changes but can never be fully cured. 

If You Smoke, Quit!

The first step for treatment is to quit smoking. This is a vital step to prevent COPD from getting worse and prevent your lungs from becoming more damaged. There are plenty of nicotine replacement products such as patches and gum to assist with withdrawal symptoms. These are available over the counter at your local pharmacy but for more intense cases of nicotine addiction, it is recommended you talk to your physician for one on one advice. Also, various addiction support groups are out there to aid with the transition/recovery. 

Medicational Treatment

The next step is often one of the different types of medication to assist with the symptoms and complications of COPD. This includes short and long-acting bronchodilators which help relax the muscles around your airways. Bronchodilators are often used to treat long-term conditions, such as COPD, that cause the airways to narrow and inflamed. There are also inhaled steroids that can help reduce airway inflammation and are often prescribed for those with frequent and intense symptoms of COPD. These “corticosteroids, often known as steroids, are an anti-inflammatory medicine” to help reduce inflammation in your lungs (NHS, 2023). Most COPD medications work to reduce the primary symptoms of COPD by reducing inflammation in the airways to promote more efficient breathing. However, there are other treatments for more severe cases. 

Lung Therapies

There are also types of lung therapies for those with more moderate or severe COPD. The two most common are oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation programs. Oxygen therapy helps deliver an increased amount of oxygen to your lungs to assist with loss of breath. This therapy primarily focuses on the issue of not getting enough oxygen in your bloodstream. Depending on the level of COPD a large, in-home unit may be suggested and worn throughout the day and night. However, Small and portable units can assist with shortness of breath when out and about in your daily life. Typically these devices are provided by a Durable Medical Equipment (DME) provider. Furthermore, the size of the oxygen delivery system will vary depending on the low of oxygen needed to stabilize oxygen levels. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs combine exercise training, nutrition advice, education, and counseling. Your doctor will likely refer you to a specialist if this program is recommended. These programs are referred to individuals with worsening COPD and can help prevent hospital readmissions. Another positive impact of these programs is they offer a group setting so you have the chance to meet others with the condition. This can assist with the mental effects of COPD by providing an “opportunity to give and receive peer support” (ALA, 2023). Exercising your lungs, mind, and muscles can help you enjoy activities with your loved ones and make your daily living easier. However, for those with limited success of the above treatments, there is another option. 

Surgeries

Finally, there are surgeries available such as lung transplants, bullectomy, and lung volume reduction surgery. Lung transplant surgery is “a surgical procedure to replace a diseased or failing lung with a healthy lung” which often comes from a deceased donor (Mayo Clinic, 2022). This type of surgery is reserved for more severe conditions and when other treatments have not worked or resulted in sufficient improvement. This can be a replacement of just one or both lungs and can involve many complications. The Bullectomy is a surgery where surgeons “remove air pockets in the lungs” (Lung Health, 2023). While these alveoli typically assist in your breathing, by exchanging oxygen from the air with co2 from your blood, damaged ones can form air pockets and need to be removed. Finally, lung volume reduction surgery is when dead or damaged parts of the lung are removed in order to allow the remaining tissue to function better. After lung volume reduction surgery the “diaphragm contracts and reflexes more effectively and efficiently” (Mayo Clinic, 2018). With the damaged part of the lung removed your diaphragm has to move less of your lungs to breathe in and out. All of these surgeries can be used to treat the symptoms of COPD but consult your doctor about the next steps. 

Conclusion

In conclusion, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can not be reversed once the damage has been done. However, there are a variety of treatments out there depending on the level of severity that can make your day-to-day living easier.  The first step to wellness is to cut out the cause of your COPD then talk with a doctor and loved ones about what treatments would be best to pursue. Also, there are a variety of agencies out there that can assist with daily living activities such as home care agencies, in-home therapists, and house-making services. These agencies can help with making your daily living as easy and comfortable as possible with such a condition

Hopefully, we have now thoroughly informed you about COPD. Below is a copy of our most recent guide on COPD which includes:

  • The information above (in a convenient document)
  • Additional Resources (Community Resources, Helpful Blogs, etc)
  • And an extra section on what to do when COPD worsens (Not available elsewhere)
Click Here

Sources:

Department of Health & Human Services. (2001, November 28). Lung conditions - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Better Health Channel. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/lung-conditions-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd 

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2022, December 14). Lung Transplant. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/lung-transplant/about/pac-20384754 

Health, S. V. H. (n.d.). Home. St Vincent’s Lung Health. https://www.svhlunghealth.com.au/procedures/procedures-treatments/bullectomy 

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2018, November 16). Lung Volume Reduction Surgery. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/lung-volume-reduction-surgery/about/pac-20385045 

Corticosteroids. NHS inform. (2023, June 15). https://www.nhsinform.scot/tests-and-treatments/medicines-and-medical-aids/types-of-medicine/corticosteroids#:~:text=Corticosteroids%2C%20often%20known%20as%20steroids,on%20top%20of%20the%20kidneys). 

Association, A. L. (2023, March 10). The Basics of Pulmonary Rehabilitation. The Basics of Pulmonary Rehabilitation | American Lung Association. https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-procedures-and-tests/pulmonary-rehab 

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Matthew Laming

Client Relations Specialist at GLHCU

Graduate of Northwood University

COPD: How it Affects the Body and Mind

Posted on by mlaming

COPD: How it Affects the Body and Mind

an elderly man sits with his head down in a wheelchair. There is a window witha sunny day outside.

Introduction

Shortness of breath, tightness of chest, wheezing, and more. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined by the CDC as “a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems” (CDC,2023). Analogous to how dementia covers a wide array of memory conditions, COPD does the same for breathing difficulty conditions. COPD makes breathing difficult for and affects over 16 million Americans with a variety of diagnoses but shared symptoms. However, for a condition that affects so many, there are still burning questions for the average person about how it affects the body and the person’s mind. In this article, we aim to tell you more about both so you can better assist yourself, or your loved one living with the condition. 

How COPD affects the body

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease primarily affects the lungs. This is due to the constriction or destruction of the airways and air sacs. As we breathe in air it goes down our windpipe and into tubes called bronchial tubes (often referred to as airways). Inside our lungs, these tubes branch out like a tree into smaller and thinner tubes called bronchioles. Then these tubes end in branches of tiny air sacs called alveoli. You can imagine these as tiny balloons that expand and contract as we breathe. These airways and sacs are typically stretchy as they fill up with air as we breathe in and contract when we breathe out carbon dioxide. However due to COPD less air flows in and out of our lungs. Continuing with the balloon analogy imagine you’re trying to fill up a balloon but there is a hole in it (damaged alveoli) or you’re holding onto the end of it too tight (inflammation in the tubes or alveoli). In the early stages of COPD this results in symptoms such as a nagging cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and tightness in the chest. These symptoms are where the idea of a “smoker's cough” comes from. Though smokers do make up a lot of COPD cases they are not the only ones. As the disease progresses, the low oxygen in your blood leads to blue/gray lips and/or fingernails, a speedy heartbeat, weight loss, and swelling in the feet and ankles. These extremities are furthest out from the heart and lungs and therefore it takes longer for oxygen to get to them. The heartbeat will increase since due to COPD there will be less oxygen quantity per pump. Meaning your body has to move more blood to keep up with the oxygen needed.

How COPD affects the mind

Now that we have covered the basics of how COPD can affect your body, we can now cover its effects on the mind. The lack of oxygen to the brain caused by COPD can have an impact on the brain’s functions and the patient’s mental health. According to the CDC people with COPD may have “overall cognitive impairment or impairment in specific cognitive domains”(CDC,2016). This includes difficulty with processing information, concentration, memory, and self-control. These conditions can cause an individual to become compulsive, unable to stay on task, and forgetful of their surroundings. Since these symptoms are similar to those of dementia, those who develop COPD at an older age may misattribute such symptoms. Furthermore, mental health conditions can develop due to how COPD will affect someone’s day-to-day life. Something as simple as going from the living room to the kitchen for water and back again can become a grueling process with frequent stops to catch their breath. Also if they live in a multistory home, they may have issues getting up and down the stairs which they may have done with ease. This frustration with the disease and its symptoms may develop into feelings of helplessness and depression. These people who were once independent and healthy are now becoming more reliant on others and it can take a mental toll. One way to alleviate this is to make the home more COPD-friendly. Getting different equipment, such as a chair lift, in the home can make it easier for a loved one to get to places they feel they can no longer reach on their own. Another tip is to arrange things so they are easier to access. If you can make it so things they often use are within short distance of each other they are less likely to have an episode or feel needy for asking. Finally, regular outings and socialization are key to promoting a positive mental outlook. These outings should avoid long distances walking since they can flair up their COPD. Take them out to ice cream or a movie, things as small as just going to play cards with them every week can have a major impact on their mental well-being.

Conclusion

In conclusion, COPD not only affects the body but also the mind. Restricted airflow can cause harm to other parts of the body so it is vital to be mindful of new symptoms as they appear and inform a medical professional. Furthermore, since COPD can affect a person’s memory doing exercises to strengthen a loved one's memory and stimulating them mentally can be an important part of the treatment process. If you’re loved one with COPD is developing depression it’s important to bring this up to their primary medical professional. They can direct them to resources in their local area or suggests where to get mental health assistance. Finally, If you notice they are falling behind on homemaking and/or personal care it may be helpful to get them a housekeeper to caregiver. These options will not only assist them in such tasks but can also provide much-needed socialization to boost their mental health.

Hopefully, we have now thoroughly informed you about COPD. Below is a copy of our most recent guide on COPD which includes:

  • The information above (in a convenient document)
  • Additional Resources (Community Resources, Helpful Blogs, etc)
  • And an extra section on what to do when COPD worsens (Not available elsewhere)
Click Here

Sources:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, June 30). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/copd/index.html#:~:text=What%20is%20COPD%3F,includes%20emphysema%20and%20chronic%20bronchitis. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016, January 7). Association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with increased confusion or memory loss and functional limitations among adults. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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Matthew Laming

Client Relations Specialist at GLHCU

Graduate of Northwood University

The Top 10 Questions about COPD and Their Answers

Posted on by mlaming

The Top 10 Questions about COPD and Their Answers

When hearing the acronym COPD many different questions and thoughts may go through your head. Like what does the Colorado police department have to do with my personal health? Or Is this one of those spell ICUP tricks? However, COPD is a general term to categorize difficulty with breathing and airflow conditions. The term was first used by William Briscoe at the 9th Aspen Emphysema Conference of 1965. For those of us in Michigan, the disease affects about 7.5% of adults which is slightly higher than the national average of 5.9%. So it is even more important for us to discuss and answer some of the common questions about this condition.

1: What Does COPD stand for?

COPD is an acronym for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This term covers a group of diseases that cause “airflow blockage and breathing-related problems. These include diseases such as chronic bronchitis, asthma, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, and cystic fibrosis.

2: Are COPD and Emphysema the same?

They are not the same but one is a category above the other. Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Similar to how Alzheimer’s and Lewy Body are under the dementia umbrella.  Other diseases under this umbrella term include chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, and asthma. 

3: Will COPD Kill You?

It depends on the type of condition you have but yes. These conditions affect your body’s ability to take in the required oxygen it needs to function. In less severe cases this won’t have too large of an effect on your health if treated correctly. However, many of these conditions are often progressive and get worse over time, resulting in a large decrease in oxygen in your system which can ultimately lead to death. COPD is especially deadly when paired with other conditions that affect your blood and airways. This includes things such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, and lung cancers. 

4: How Is COPD Diagnosed?

COPD can be diagnosed via a variety of tests and scans. One of them is a lung function test that measures the amount of air you can inhale and exhale and whether your lungs deliver enough oxygen to your blood. A chest x-ray can be used to diagnose emphysema in individuals while also ruling out lung problems or heart failure. A CT scan can also provide similar results and additionally help determine if you might need surgery for COPD. There are also blood tests like Arterial blood gas analysis which measure how well the lungs bring oxygen into your blood and remove carbon dioxide.

5: How does COPD affect the body?

With COPD, the airways in your lungs become inflamed and thickened, and the tissue where oxygen is exchanged is destroyed causing a variety of issues and effects across the body. First, these tightened airways lead to difficulty breathing in those with this condition. Sadly this often gets progressively worse over the years or with further exposure to harmful conditions. Furthermore, the destroyed tissues and lack of oxygen will begin to cause other parts of the body to decay and potentially cease to function. This often starts in our extremities such as fingers or toes losing circulation in their capillaries and can progress closer and closer to the lungs/heart.

6: How does COPD Affect Daily Life?

COPD causes issues with breathing. This can make what was once an easy task such as getting across the hall increasingly difficult as you run out of breath more easily. You still may be able to drive yourself to the store or to your errands but pushing around a cart or walking around the store will likely become more difficult as you pause to catch your breath. The same goes for attempting to go up and down stairs or large inclines. You may also experience difficulty maintaining yourself and your surroundings. You may no longer have the energy to clean around your home or the increased difficulty may result in agitation. Services such as housekeepers, home care, and volunteer caregivers (often from your local senior services) can assist in decreasing the stress and anxiety related to this limitation. 

7: When COPD is life-threatening?

When COPD enters its end stage, stage 4, it can become fatal. It typically takes an individual a few years of living with the disease to get to this point. This stage is where the lung damage caused by COPD has taken a large toll on your body and severely limits your functions. The aforementioned lack of oxygen can cause you to not be able to feel or uses certain parts of your body. The body eventually has too little oxygen coming into it to function and an individual will pass. 

8: COPD Where does it come from?

COPD often develops due to long-term lung damage from breathing in harmful substances. This can include things such as cigarette smoke and air pollution. Smoking of other sorts such as vaping or marijuana can also lead to the development of COPD. Secondhand exposure to smoke can also lead to lung damage and COPD. The longer and more intensive the exposure, the more likely you are to develop COPD. 

9: Who is most at risk for COPD?

People who smoke have the largest risk of developing COPD. This relation is linear so the more you smoke and the longer you smoke, the more at risk you are. This includes smoking a pipe, cigar, cigarette, and even marijuana. Those exposed to large amounts of secondhand smoke are also at risk of developing COPD. 

10: Can COPD be reversed?

Though symptoms can be treated, COPD can not be reversed or cured. The effects can be managed with a variety of treatments and lifestyle changes but can never be fully cured. The first step for treatment is to quit smoking. This is a vital step to prevent COPD from getting worse and prevent your lungs from becoming more damaged. There are plenty of nicotine replacement products such as patches and gum to assist with withdrawal symptoms. The next step is often one of the different types of medication to assist with the symptoms and complications of COPD. This includes short and long-acting bronchodilators which help relax the muscles around your airways. There are also inhaled steroids that can help reduce airway inflammation and are often prescribed for those with frequent and intense symptoms of COPD. There are also types of lung therapies for those with more moderate or severe COPD. The two most common are oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation programs. Oxygen therapy helps deliver an increased amount of oxygen to your lungs to assist with loss of breath. Small and portable units can assist with shortness of breath when out and about in your daily life. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs are a combination of exercise training, nutrition advice, education, and counseling. Your doctor will likely refer you to a specialist if this program is recommended. These programs are referred to individuals with worsening COPD and can help prevent hospital readmissions. Finally, there are surgeries available such as lung transplants, bullectomy, and lung volume reduction surgery. 

Bonus: Resources

For those of you who are currently diagnosed with COPD or your loved one is, we have included a list of resources available. The best place to start to educate yourself is the Mayo Clinic and CDC websites. Both feature a wealth of information for further study and assistance. Our next suggestion is to visit the National Institutes of Health website and look at their Learn More Breathe Better program. This program aims to assist individuals with COPD alleviate their symptoms and find local treatment options. This program also provides a toolkit for caregivers of COPD loved ones. 

Conclusion

Hopefully, this article did not only inform you but also answer some of your own lingering questions about Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We recommend you talk things over with your primary care provider if you are having difficulty breathing or have concerns about your COPD. We also have a list of breathing exercises you can do to assist in strengthening your lungs here.